Oceanic Defense: carbon emissions

Showing posts with label carbon emissions. Show all posts

6.10.2011

ScienceDaily: Your source for the latest research news and science breakthroughs -- updated daily Science News Share Blog Cite Print Bookmark

ScienceDaily — The present rate of greenhouse carbon dioxide emissions through fossil fuel burning is higher than that associated with an ancient episode of severe global warming, according to new research. The findings are published online this week by the journal Nature Geoscience.

Around 55.9 million years ago, Earth experienced a period of intense global warming known as the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which lasted for around 170,000 years. During its main phase, average annual temperatures rose by around 5°C.

Scientists believe that the warming may have been initially triggered by an event such as the baking of organic-rich sediments by igneous activity that released the potent greenhouse gas, methane. This initial temperature increase warmed ocean bottom waters which allowed the break down of gas hydrates (clathrates), which are found under deep ocean sediments: this would have greatly amplified the initial warming by releasing even more vast volumes of methane. As the methane diffused from the seawater into the atmosphere it would have been oxidised to form carbon dioxide, another potent and longer-lived greenhouse gas.

Adam Charles and his PhD supervisor, Dr Ian Harding, both palaeoceanographers at the University of Southampton's School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES) based at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, co-authored the report. Dr Harding said: "The PETM has been seen by many as a natural test bed for understanding modern human-made global warming, despite it not being a perfect analogy. However, the total amount of carbon released during this climatic perturbation and its rate of release have been unclear."

To help fill this gap in knowledge, the researchers measured carbon isotope ratios of marine organic matter preserved in sediments collected in Spitsbergen. The sedimentary section is important because it records the entirety of the PETM, from its initiation to through the recovery period, and as such is the most complete record of the warming event so far known in high northern latitudes.

Based on their carbon isotope measurements and computer simulations of Earth system, the researchers estimated that the rate of carbon emissions during the PETM peaked at between 300 million and 1,700 million metric tonnes per year, which is much slower than the present carbon emission rate.

"Our findings suggest that humankind may be causing atmospheric carbon dioxide to increase at rates never previously seen on Earth, which would suggest that current temperatures will potentially rise much faster than they did during the PETM," concluded Dr Harding.

This research was supported by The Worldwide Universities Network, Pennsylvania State University, and the US National Science Foundation.

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110607121525.htm

About Oceanic Defense
We are an international organization with members in over 60 countries, spanning 6 continents with 1 mission; healthy aquatic ecosystems free from human abuse and neglect. Oceanic Defense teaches people to protect our oceans by acting responsibly as consumers and by making smart decisions in our daily lives. Whether we are buying groceries, commuting to work, planning a vacation or advocating within our own communities; each action we take or decision we make either helps or hurts our oceans. We empower people to be part of the solution rather than part of the problem and work together to protect our blue planet.

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2.16.2011

New Way to Estimate Global Rainfall and Track Ocean Pollution

University of Miami (UM) scientists have found a new way to estimate global rainfall and track ocean pollution. A portion of the precipitation sampling for the study was carried out at this site, located on the extreme west end of Bermuda, and at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS). The site was erected in the late 1980s by UM Professor Joe Prospero's aerosol research group as part of the Atmosphere-Ocean Research Program. The station is now operated by BIOS. (Credit: UM/RSMAS)

ScienceDaily — A study by scientists at the University of Miami (UM) Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science suggests a new way to estimate how much of the ocean's pollution is falling from the sky. The new findings can help improve scientific understanding of how toxic airborne chemicals, from the burning of fossil fuels and industrial power plants emissions, are impacting the oceans globally.

By measuring Beryllium-7 (⁷Be) isotope concentrations in the ocean, which is found naturally throughout Earth's atmosphere, Rosenstiel School scientists David Kadko and Joseph Prospero were able to provide a method to accurately estimate rainfall in remote regions of the ocean. The two-year study measured ⁷Be deposited in rain collectors at two sites in Bermuda and compared these estimates to those observed in the nearby Sargasso Sea.

"Over vast areas of the oceans the only rainfall data available are those made by using conventional rain collectors placed on islands," said Prospero, professor of marine and atmospheric chemistry at the UM Rosenstiel School. "However, rainfall on the island is not necessarily representative of that which falls in the surrounding ocean. Our paper shows that properly placed rain collectors on Bermuda do yield rainfall rates that agree with those determined through the ⁷Be measurements."

Rainfall is a major pathway by which man-made airborne pollutants and other naturally occurring chemicals enter the oceans. Berrylium-7, like man-made pollutants and other naturally occurring chemicals, attaches itself to atmospheric dust particles and enters the ocean during rain events. By understanding this process, scientists can establish new ways to quantify airborne pollutants deposited to the ocean.

"The accumulation of ⁷Be in the upper ocean provides a means of assessing ⁷Be deposition to the ocean on regional and global scales," said Kadko, professor marine and atmospheric chemistry of at the Rosenstiel and lead author of the study. "This then can be used to assess the deposition of other chemical species."

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110215111849.htm

About Oceanic Defense
We are an international non-profit organization with members in over 60 countries, spanning 6 continents with 1 mission; healthy aquatic ecosystems free from human abuse and neglect. Oceanic Defense teaches people to protect our oceans by acting responsibly as consumers and by making smart decisions in our daily lives. Whether we are buying groceries, commuting to work, planning a vacation or advocating within our own communities; each action we take or decision we make either helps or hurts our oceans. We empower people to be part of the solution rather than part of the problem and work together to protect our blue planet.

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11.24.2010

Study into Great Barrier Reef viruses

A SCIENTIST will start the monumental task of sifting through thousands of viruses to determine whether they are friends or foes to the Great Barrier Reef.

While most viruses are considered to be harmful to plants and animals, Australian Institute of Marine Science researcher Madeline van Oppen will examine whether viruses can add any benefit to coral reefs.

It has been estimated 28,000 viruses can live in a single coral colony. However, much is unknown about the effects – if any – they actually have. Some viruses may even contribute to coral bleaching, a condition brought on by stress.

Dr van Oppen has received a prestigious Australian Research Council Future Fellowship, one of 28 awarded across the country, to assist her work.

Much of her field work on coral disease has been carried out on reefs in Far North Queensland.

She hoped her work could provide insights into how corals could respond to climate change.

"What I’ll firstly be doing is describing the diversity of viruses associated with coral disease and trying to figure out what range of roles they play in terms of coral health and disease, and also in the way they can adapt," Dr van Oppen said.

By working out how corals respond to potential stress from viruses, this could, in turn, help contribute to management strategies to strengthen reef health.

Another fellowship recipient was James Cook University researcher Dr Michelle Heupel, who will investigate the migration patterns of sharks and coral trout.

Source: http://www.cairns.com.au/article/2010/11/22/136471_local-news.html

11.11.2010

South Florida water managers weigh costly consequences of sea level rise

For millions of South Floridians, life on a peninsula means melting icecaps in Greenland aren't just something for polar bears to worry about.

South Florida's coastal flood-control structures, counted on to protect low-lying communities from getting swamped, already are at risk from sea level rise due to climate change, according to scientists for the South Florida Water Management District.

In the coming months, the district's governing board will be asked to endorse more scientific studies and potentially costly flood-control construction projects aimed at preparing for the rising sea levels expected to come.

A district proposal outlined Tuesday calls for the agency over the next five years to buy more land for flood control, design improvements for 50-year-old drainage structures and start building pumps that could keep discharging stormwater out to the ocean even as sea levels continue to rise.

While politicians and world leaders debate the causes of climate change and how to respond, district scientists are adopting a "no-regrets strategy" to get ready, even if the worst-case scenarios don't come to pass.

"This is an issue of global importance that will have regional impacts," said Jayantha Obeysekera, who is leading the district's response to climate change and sea level rise. He briefed the district board Tuesday. "All aspects of water management would be impacted."

An increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are trapping more of the sun's heat, leading to climate change — blamed for higher temperatures that are projected to increase the rate of sea level rise.

Manmade pollution produces more of those heat-trapping greenhouse gases.

Sea ice, glaciers and snow cover around the world all are shrinking as temperatures rise, Obeysekera said.

The district is anticipating sea levels to climb 5 to 20 inches during the next 50 years.

High water levels at times already are creating problems for some of the floodgates, spillways and drainage canals that protect South Florida from flooding.

South Florida now has periods of extreme high tides, when water levels rise higher than the point where stormwater from coastal drainage canals normally gets dumped into the sea.

When that happens, floodgates stay closed, increasing the flood risk if those drainage canals overflow. That would worsen if sea levels rise.

Overwhelmed coastal drainage canals would have a "domino effect" on the rest of South Florida's drainage system, according to Carol Wehle, water district executive director.

If there's insufficient room for water in drainage canals, then there's not enough room for water coming in from community drainage systems. Those community systems help keep inland neighborhoods dry.

"The capacity … of the system is going to be negatively impacted by sea level rise," Wehle said.

The district has so far identified 28 flood-control structures along the southeast coast and six along the west coast most at risk to rising sea levels.

The first three are the S27, S28 and S29 facilities in northern Miami-Dade County.

New pumps are proposed to push stormwater into the ocean while keeping floodgates closed to hold back the elevated seas.

Cost remains a hurdle to getting that done. The current proposal would begin work by 2015. Each one cost "tens of millions of dollars," Obeysekera said.

Another threat from rising sea levels is more saltwater seeping in underground and contaminating drinking water supplies. South Florida has coastal well fields that through the years have had to shut down or reduce pumping due to saltwater intrusion.

Water utilities in Lake Worth, Hallandale Beach and Lantana have been among the most at risk of saltwater intrusion.

If that continues, it means increased costs to find new drinking water supplies or to switch to more costly water treatment processes — both of which would mean higher water bills for South Florida residents.

In addition, the Everglades can expect to suffer from an influx of saltwater.

Sea level rise is expected to affect the southern end of the Everglades by increasing coastal erosion, reducing mangrove forests, pushing migrating wading birds northward, increasing peat collapse and raising salinity levels in freshwater marshes that could result in fish kills and loss of wildlife habitat.

The state and federal government are in the midst of investing billions of dollars in Everglades restoration. Some contend that those restoration projects should be reconsidered due to the expected damage from sea level rise.

Others counter that restoring more of the stormwater flows that once naturally reached the Everglades will counterbalance the effects of climate change.

"It's critical to act fast enough," said Jane Graham of Audubon of Florida. "Fight water with water."

Computer modeling is being used to try to chart which areas are most at risk of flooding from sea level rise.

During the coming year, the district plans to further identify water-management projects affected by sea level rise; complete reports on trends in sea-level rise and climate change; and finish an analysis of the saltwater-intrusion monitoring system.

The sea level rise is not really in dispute, said district board member Jerry Montgomery, pointing to melting glaciers and ice sheets from Greenland to Antarctica. The question, Montgomery said, is the rate of rise and how much it will affect South Florida.

"It is clearly melting and it is clearly melting at a faster rate," Montgomery said.

Andy Reid can be reached at abreid@SunSentinel.com or 561-228-5504.

Source: http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/palm-beach/fl-sea-level-rise-south-florida-20101109,0,5651053,full.story

11.01.2010

Better monitoring urged for ailing oceans by 2015

(Reuters) - Ocean scientists urged governments on Sunday to invest billions of dollars by 2015 in a new system to monitor the seas and give alerts of everything from tsunamis to acidification linked to climate change.

They said better oversight would have huge economic benefits, helping to understand the impact of over-fishing or shifts in monsoons that can bring extreme weather such as the 2010 floods in Pakistan.

A scientific alliance, Oceans United, would present the plea to governments meeting in Beijing on Nov. 3-5 for talks about a goal set at a 2002 U.N. Earth Summit of setting up a new system to monitor the health of the planet.

"Most ocean experts believe the future ocean will be saltier, hotter, more acidic and less diverse," said Jesse Ausubel, a founder of the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO), which leads the alliance and represents 38 major oceanographic institutions from 21 nations.

"It is past time to get serious about measuring what's happening to the seas around us," Ausubel said in a statement.

POGO said global ocean monitoring would cost $10 billion to $15 billion to set up, with $5 billion in annual operating costs.

Currently, one estimate is that between $1 and $3 billion are spent on monitoring the seas, said Tony Knap, director of the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences and a leader of POGO.

Knap said new cash sounded a lot at a time of austerity cuts by many governments, but could help avert bigger losses.

JAPAN TSUNAMI
Off Japan, officials estimate an existing $100 million system of subsea cables to monitor earthquakes and tsunamis, linked to an early warning system, will avert 7,500-10,000 of a projected 25,000 fatalities in the event of a huge subsea earthquake.

"It sounds a lot to install $100 million of cables but in terms of prevention of loss of life it begins to look trivial," Knap said.

New cash would help expand many existing projects, such as satellite monitoring of ocean temperatures, tags on dolphins, salmon or whales, or tsunami warning systems off some nations.

Ausubel told Reuters: "The Greeks 2,500 years ago realized that building lighthouses would have great benefits for mariners. Over the centuries, governments have invested in buoys and aids for navigation.

"This is the 21st century version of that," said Ausubel, who is also a vice-president of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation in the United States.

Source: http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-52573420101031

6.20.2010

Carbon emissions having harmful, lasting impact on oceans: Reports

The oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is a disaster, but it may pale compared to what scientists say is brewing in the world's oceans due to everyday consumption of fossil fuels.

The billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide sent wafting into the atmosphere each year through the burning of oil, gas and coal are profoundly affecting the oceans, says a series of reports published Friday in the journal Science.

One says there is mounting evidence that "rapidly rising greenhouse gas concentrations are driving ocean systems toward conditions not seen for millions of years, with an associated risk of fundamental and irreversible ecological transformation."

Another says that the effects are already rippling through the food web in Antarctica.

And a third says humans, and their ever-increasing carbon emissions, are acidifying the ocean in a "grand planetary experiment" that could have devastating impacts.

Marine scientists Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, at the University of Queensland in Australia, and John Bruno, at University of North Carolina, describe how the oceans act as a "heat sink" and are slowly heating up along with the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions climb.

The warming, they say, is "likely to have profound influences on the strength, direction and behaviour" of major ocean currents and far-reaching impacts on sea life.

The oceans also soak up close to a third of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the atmosphere and it reacts with sea water to form acidic ions. The rising acidity "represents a major departure from the geochemical conditions that have prevailed in the global ocean for hundreds of thousands, if not million of years," the scientists report.

Add it all up and they say there is there is "overwhelming" evidence human activities are driving changes on a scale similar to volcanic eruptions or meteorite strikes, which have driven ecosystems to collapse in the past.

"The impacts of anthropogenic (human) climate change so far include decreased ocean productivity, altered food web dynamics, reduced abundance of habitat-forming species, shifting species distributions and a greater incidence of disease," they say.

In a second report, Oscar Schofield at Rutgers University, and his colleagues describe how rising temperatures over the last 30 years have coincided with a shift in the food web along the West Antarctic Peninsula — most notably to a shrinking of marine algae cells. Organisms known as tunicates are so efficient at feeding on the smaller algae they appear to be displacing krill, a mainstay of many creatures up the food web. Fish, seals, whales, penguins and other seabirds could all be affected, they say.

A news report, accompanying the Science papers on the oceans, says by increasing the ocean's acidity "humans are caught up in a grand planetary experiment" that could take a "potentially devastating toll on marine life." The rising acidity could erode the calcium carbonate shells and skeletons of corals, mollusks and some algae and plankton — and there is some evidence it is already starting to occur.

"The physics and chemistry of adding an acid to the ocean are so well understood, so inexorable, that there cannot be an iota of doubt — gigatons of acid are lowering the pH of the world ocean, humans are totally responsible, and the more carbon dioxide we emit, the worse it's going to get," it says.

It goes on to quote a recent issue of the journal Oceanography that said unconstrained growth of emissions is likely to leave the current era of human planetary dominance "as one of the most notable, if not cataclysmic, events in the history of our planet."
© Copyright (c) Canwest News Service

Source: http://www.montrealgazette.com/technology/Carbon+emissions+having+harmful+lasting+impact+oceans+Reports/3166754/story.html

3.02.2010

Stress caused by ocean acidification endangers marine organisms

Even a little too much carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere may become a big problem for our oceans as well as the waters around Tampa Bay.

Carbon dioxide does not simply build up in the air. It also enters the seas, where it changes into chemicals such as carbonic acid, bicarbonate and one called carbonate, which is responsible for shell growth in oysters as well as the limestone structures of Florida's coral reefs.

As more carbon dioxide diffuses into the marine ecosystem, the chemical balance is changing. More carbonic acid is forming, which reduces carbonate. The stress caused by this ocean acidification endangers marine organisms and habitats as shells and reefs begin to dissolve in this new seawater chemistry.

Seawater's acidity/alkalinity — its pH— is measured on a logarithmic scale. This means that a change in pH from 9 to 8 is 10 times more acidic, and a change from 9 to 7 is 100 times more acidic. Even a pH change from 8.2 to 8.1 is a massive shift.

As Florida is surrounded by seawater and economically supported by the billions of dollars earned each year with marine-based industries developed around tourism, boating and fishing, the unabated increases in carbon dioxide could quickly begin to affect the state economy.

This is not the first time that the Earth has experienced ocean acidification due to a high concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. A similar event happened 55 million years ago at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. (A bit of context: The earliest primates emerged at this time, the horse's ancestor was about the size of a dog, and dinosaurs had been extinct for about 10 million years).

Over a period of 8,000 years, an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane led to mass extinctions of benthic (seafloor-dwelling) marine organisms, ranging from 30 to 55 percent of all such species. Several factors are considered to have caused the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane: volcanic activity, changes in ocean circulation and the release of frozen methane deposits.

This time, high concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide are expected to be reached in fewer than 300 years — not 8,000.

In a relatively short time we could see devastation to our ocean's ecosystems. Studies have already shown that our present acidifying ocean has begun to stress marine life today.

People may be the problem, but they can also be the solution. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted internationally to stabilize and control, in part, carbon dioxide emissions. The United States never ratified the treaty.

While the United States itself is not a party to the treaty, many cities are, on their own, promising to meets its standards. Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels founded the United States Conference of Mayors' Climate Protection Agreement (USCMCP), and more than 1,000 American cities have all vowed to reduce industry carbon dioxide emissions with standards and time frames conforming to the Kyoto Protocol. This includes Miami, Tallahassee, Tampa and West Palm Beach.

There is also hope in private industries. For example, a high-tech company called Solix Biofuels has partnered with New Belgium Brewing Co. in Fort Collins, Colo., to turn waste — the carbon dioxide produced in brewing beer — into energy by "feeding" it to a type of algae that naturally contains high lipid levels, which then allow biofuel to be created from the algae's lipids (oils). The requirements to grow the algae consist of an exposure to the sun, water and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is naturally emitted in the brewing process, and from it, energy is produced as the algae grow, which is then used to make more beer.

Algae biofuel has the potential to be many times more efficient than other biofuels. According to the U.S. Energy Department, if algae biofuels replaced other alternative fuel crops, they would yield up to 30 times more energy. This would equate to an area in the United States as big as Maryland, or 15,000 square miles needed to supply energy to the United States.

Innovative ideas such as these can grow new businesses and keep carbon dioxide from acidifying and endangering the world's oceans and the marine life they harbor.

Paul Suprenand is a Ph.D. student at the University of South Florida. He is researching marine organisms in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, the Gulf of Mexico and Antarctica that may show early indications of ocean acidification stress. Joanie Kleypas, who will lecture at USF on Thursday, was his supervisor for an internship with the National Center for Atmospheric Research, in Boulder, Colo., and introduced him to the concerns and topics in research pertaining to ocean acidification.

Source: http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/columns/stress-caused-by-ocean-acidification-endangers-marine-organisms/1076661

About Oceanic Defense
We are an international non-profit organization with members in over 60 countries, spanning 6 continents with 1 mission; healthy aquatic ecosystems free from human abuse and neglect. Oceanic Defense teaches people to protect our oceans by acting responsibly as consumers and by making smart decisions in our daily lives. Whether we are buying groceries, commuting to work, planning a vacation or advocating within our own communities; each action we take or decision we make either helps or hurts our oceans. We empower people to be part of the solution rather than part of the problem and work together to protect our blue planet.

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www.facebook.com/OceanicDefense
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www.oceanicdefense.org
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2.11.2010

Climate 'Tipping Points' May Arrive Without Warning, Says Top Forecaster

ScienceDaily — A new University of California, Davis, study by a top ecological forecaster says it is harder than experts thought to predict when sudden shifts in Earth's natural systems will occur -- a worrisome finding for scientists trying to identify the tipping points that could push climate change into an irreparable global disaster.

Many scientists are looking for the warning signs that herald sudden changes in natural systems, in hopes of forestalling those changes, or improving our preparations for them," said UC Davis theoretical ecologist Alan Hastings. "Our new study found, unfortunately, that regime shifts with potentially large consequences can happen without warning — systems can ‘tip’ precipitously.

"This means that some effects of global climate change on ecosystems can be seen only once the effects are dramatic. By that point returning the system to a desirable state will be difficult, if not impossible."

The current study focuses on models from ecology, but its findings may be applicable to other complex systems, especially ones involving human dynamics such as harvesting of fish stocks or financial markets.

Hastings, a professor in the UC Davis Department of Environmental Science and Policy, is one of the world's top experts in using mathematical models (sets of equations) to understand natural systems. His current studies range from researching the dynamics of salmon and cod populations to modeling plant and animal species' response to global climate change.

In 2006, Hastings received the Robert H. MacArthur Award, the highest honor given by the Ecological Society of America.

Hastings' collaborator and co-author on the new study, Derin Wysham, was previously a postdoctoral scholar at UC Davis and is now a research scientist in the Department of Computational and Systems Biology at the John Innes Center in Norwich, England.

Scientists widely agree that global climate change is already causing major environmental effects, such as changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation, droughts, heat waves and wildfires; rising sea level; water shortages in arid regions; new and larger pest outbreaks afflicting crops and forests; and expanding ranges for tropical pathogens that cause human illness.

And they fear that worse is in store. As U.S. presidential science adviser John Holdren (not an author of the new UC Davis study) recently told a congressional committee: "Climate scientists worry about 'tipping points' ... thresholds beyond which a small additional increase in average temperature or some associated climate variable results in major changes to the affected system."

Among the tipping points Holdren listed were: the complete disappearance of Arctic sea ice in summer, leading to drastic changes in ocean circulation and climate patterns across the whole Northern Hemisphere; acceleration of ice loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, driving rates of sea-level increase to 6 feet or more per century; and ocean acidification from carbon dioxide absorption, causing massive disruption in ocean food webs.

The new UC Davis study was supported by the Advancing Theory in Biology program at the U.S. National Science Foundation.

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100209191445.htm

About Oceanic Defense
We are an international non-profit organization with members in over 60 countries, spanning 6 continents with 1 mission; healthy aquatic ecosystems free from human abuse and neglect. Oceanic Defense teaches people to protect our oceans by acting responsibly as consumers and by making smart decisions in our daily lives. Whether we are buying groceries, commuting to work, planning a vacation or advocating within our own communities; each action we take or decision we make either helps or hurts our oceans. We empower people to be part of the solution rather than part of the problem and work together to protect our blue planet.

Join us on Facebook:
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Visit our official website:
www.oceanicdefense.org
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